Introduction
With the growing involvement of U.S. forces in multinational coalition operations, interoperability among the participating nations' command and control (C2) systems is crucial to mission success. Both technical and operational incompatibilities have hindered interoperability among national C2 systems. Incompatibilities include different C2 system hardware and software, message sets and formats, communication protocols, operational procedures, and military concepts and principles. Additionally, different languages and cultural attitudes further complicate interoperability among multinational forces. Even when the information in a message from one nation is …
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